to knock = bussare (to be) up = essere in piedi (non più a letto)
knocker upper = colui o colei che ti bussa alla porta o alla finestra per svegliarti in tempo utile per andare al lavoro.
We often say that history teaches and this is true of course as long as people are prepared to learn. But history can also be quite simply fascinating at times. As we move forward in our technological frenzy it is sometimes almost impossible to imagine what life must have been like before some of the inventions that today are considered so obvious that they are not even worthy of our attention anymore. Take the alarm clock, for example. What was life like before the invention of the alarm clock? How did people in the industrialised cities of the late 19th century get to work on time?
Well, towards the end of the 19th century and well into the first half of the 20th century, the responsibility for getting people out of bed in time for work was left to the “Knocker Uppers”. The knocker upper’s job was to walk the city streets knocking on the bedroom windows of the workers in order to get them out of bed and to the workplace on time. Some of these knocker uppers, such as Mary Smith of Limehouse in London, eventually became quite famous. But let’s leave the details to this fascinating article on the BBC’s website:
Today the English word posh is generally used to mean luxurious, elegant, fashionable or even upper-class, but where did the word come from originally? Well, the most popular story is that posh was first used by British travellers going out to India by sea from Britain in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Being British born and raised, these travellers were not used to the heat of the southern sun and, if they were wealthy enough, they would book a cabin on the side of the ship which was not in the direct sunlight: the port (left) side of the ship for the outward journey and the starboard (right) side of the ship for the return journey. This led to the birth of the expression “port out, starboard home” and consequently, according to the story, also led to the invention of the acronym P.O.S.H. which was supposedly written on the tickets of these travellers.
Most modern reference sources tend to disregard this explanation since there is no written evidence of the acronym P.O.S.H. ever having been used in this way. The video above also debunks the theory on the grounds that a passenger starting his journey from India would need a different acronym S.O.P.H. (starboard out, port home) but this is a debatable point since, in my view, an Englishman starting his journey in India would still have considered it a return (home) journey and not an outward journey. The real problem is the lack of written evidence, but this does not in itself totally debunk the theory since the word posh could have been used only in spoken, colloquial English.
However, the more accredited theory is that the word posh comes from the Romani word posh-hórri meaning half-penny. The Romani people originally migrated to Britain from South Asia and Romani slang was in use in England at the end of the 19th century. This half-penny meaning could possibly have come to mean money in general and later the idea of possessing mony and therefore generally beingwealthy. It is also known that in British slang at the end of the 19th century the word posh could also be used to refer to a dandy which may explain its current meaning of elegant and fashionable.
The truth is that there is no definitive proof for any of these possible explanations. Personally, I’m fond of the “port out, starboard home” acronym theory, however improbable it may be. The thought of expressions such as “travelling posh“, “going posh“, “having posh tickets“, “being posh travellers” appeals strongly to the whimsical side of my nature. It also leads me to imagine a hypothetical conversation at the turn of the 20th century:
“Good morning, Clifford. What splendid tidings do you bring with you on this cold winter’s morning?” “Well, Edmond, the news is that Edith and I leave for India at the end of the month.” “I say, that’s jolly good news indeed! Are you travelling posh?” “Of course we are, my dear friend. You know how delicate Edith’s skin is these days.”
P.S.Amongst the papers in my family archives I recently found part of a letter written either by my great-great-grandfather or by my great-great-uncle sometime in the 1930’s in which it says: “I am going out to Cape Town on the port side of the boat and returning on the starboard side.” Evidently this method of travel was still being used in that period.
Ingliando 