On this day the Sicilian people rose up in an armed rebellion against the rule of Ferdinand II of the House of Bourbon, King of the Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily were formally united into a single kingdom after the Congress of Vienna in 1815). Ferdinand’s suppression of Sicilian autonomy, extreme poverty, the harsh police regime, and violations of government commitments, all contributed to the insurgence. The resulting self-proclaimed Kingdom of Sicily, with its advanced liberal democratic constitution, lasted just sixteen months. In September the same year, Messina was taken back by the Neapolitans with such “savage barbarity” that the British and the French imposed a six-month armistice. By 15th May 1849, however, the entire island was back under Bourbon rule.
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