On this day Pope Pius V issued a papal bull ‘Regnans in Excelsis‘ (Reigning on High) in which he formally excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I of England, referring to her as “the pretended Queen of England and the servant of crime.” It also released her subjects from allegiance to her and excommunicated anybody who obeyed her orders. The Papal Bull accused the Queen of oppressing the followers of the Catholic faith and was issued after the failed Rising of the North and the first Desmond Rebellion in Ireland in 1569, and was clearly a delayed response to the English Parliament’s Act of Supremacy of 1559, which re-established the Church of England and Church of Ireland’s independence from papal authority.
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