Holy Roman Emperor – Ingliando

On this day, Frederick I, also known as Frederick Barbarossa because of his red beard, was elected King of Germany in Frankfurt. Three years later he was also crowned King of Italy in Pavia and Holy Roman Emperor. Historians generally consider him among the Holy Roman Empire’s greatest medieval emperors. His longevity, his ambition, his extraordinary skills at organisation, his battlefield acumen, and his political perspicacity, made him appear almost superhuman to his contemporaries. Barbarossa’s leadership was characterised by his ambition to establish a strong and centralised imperial rule, which often put him at odds with the Pope and other European monarchs. Frederick drowned in 1190 while attempting to cross the Saleph river on his way to the Holy Land to fight in the Third Crusade.

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On this day the French army of King Francis I was virtually annihilated by the army of the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V in the decisive Battle of Pavia, just south of Milan in the north of Italy. The battle was the culmination of the Italian War of 1521-1526 which centred around the control of Lombardy in northern Italy. Francis I occupied Milan in 1524 and then laid siege to the city of Pavia, part of the Holy Roman Empire, in October with 26,000 troops. Charles V sent a relief force of 22,000 troops to break the siege. The battle was fought in the Visconti Park of Mirabello di Pavia, outside the city walls. In the four-hour battle, the French army was divided and defeated. Many of the chief nobles of France were killed, and others – including Francis I himself – were captured. Francis I remained a prisoner until the signing of the Treaty of Madrid in 1526.

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