On this day, after a five-week long siege, the city of Jerusalem fell to the Christian forces of the First Crusade. The forces were mobilised by Pope Urban II after the Council of Clermont in 1095 with the aim of recovering the city of Jerusalem and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre from Islamic control. Jerusalem had been out of Christian control since the Muslim conquest of the Levant in 637 and one of the root causes of the Crusades was the hindering of Christian pilgrimages to the Holy Land which began in the 4th century. After the city fell, thousands of Muslims and Jews were massacred by Crusader soldiers as they went on to secure control over the Temple Mount. Godfrey of Bouillon, prominent among the Crusader leadership, was then elected as the first ruler of Jerusalem. He would not accept, however, the title of ‘king’, saying that he refused to wear a crown of gold in the city where Christ wore a crown of thorns.
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